Investing

1. Australia

Usable iron ore: 930 million metric tons
Iron content: 580 million metric tons

Australia is the largest iron producing country by far, with usable iron ore production of 930 million metric tons in 2024. Australia’s leading iron ore producer is BHP Group (ASX:BHP,LSE:BHP,NYSE:BHP), and Rio Tinto (ASX:RIO,NYSE:RIO,LSE:RIO) and Fortescue (ASX:FMG,OTCQX:FSUMF) are also large iron producers.

The Pilbara region is the most notable iron ore jurisdiction in Australia, if not the world. In fact, Rio Tinto calls its Pilbara Blend ‘the world’s most recognised brand of iron ore.’ One of the company’s iron producing operations in the region is Hope Downs iron ore complex, a 50/50 joint venture with Gina Rinehart’s Hancock Prospecting. The complex hosts four open-pit mines with an annual production capacity of 47 million metric tons.

In June 2025, the partners announced a combined investment of US$1.6 billion to develop the Hope Downs 2 iron ore project, a part of the main JV. The project hosts the Hope Downs 2 and Bedded Hilltop deposits, which together will have a total annual production capacity of 31 million metric tons.

As for BHP, the major iron miner’s Western Australia Iron Operations joint venture comprise five mining hubs and four processing hubs. One such hub is Area C, which hosts eight open-cut mining areas alone. The company also has an operating 85 percent interest in the Newman iron operations.

2. Brazil

Usable iron ore: 440 million metric tons
Iron content: 280 million metric tons

In Brazil, iron production totaled 440 million metric tons of usable iron ore in 2024.

The largest iron ore districts in the country are the states of Pará and Minas Gerais, which together account for 98 percent of Brazil’s annual iron ore output. Pará is home to the largest iron ore mine in the world, Vale’s (NYSE:VALE) Carajas mine. Headquartered in Rio de Janeiro, Vale is the world’s biggest producer of iron ore pellets.

Vale announced plans in February 2025 to make significant investments in increasing its production at Carajas by 13 percent through 2030.

3. China

Usable iron ore: 270 million metric tons
Iron content: 170 million metric tons

China’s iron production amounted to 270 million metric tons of usable iron ore in 2024. The Asian nation is the world’s largest consumer of iron ore, despite being the third largest iron-producing country.

China’s top producing iron ore mine is the Dataigou iron mine in Laioning province, with production of 9.07 million metric tons in 2023. The underground mine is owned by Glory Harvest Group Holdings.

With China being the world’s largest producer of stainless steel, its domestic supply is not enough to meet demand. The country imports over 75 percent of global seaborne iron ore as of mid-2025.

3. India

Usable iron ore: 270 million metric tons
Iron content: 170 million metric tons

India’s iron production for 2024 totaled 270 million metric tons of usable iron ore, tying for third place with China.

India’s largest iron ore miner, NMDC (NSE:NMDC), operates the Bailadila mining complexes in Chhattisgarh state and the Donimalai and Kumaraswamy mines in Karnataka state. NMDC hit a production milestone in 2021 of 40 million metric tons per year, the first such company to do so in the country. NMDC is targeting an annual production rate of 100 million metric tons by 2030.

5. Russia

Usable iron ore: 91 million metric tons
Iron content: 53 million metric tons

Russia’s iron ore production came in at 91 million metric tons in 2024, making it the fifth largest iron-producing country in the world.

The region of Belgorod Oblast is home to two of the country’s biggest iron ore producing mines: Metalloinvest’s Lebedinsky GOK, which in 2023 produced an estimated 22.05 million metric tons of iron ore; and Novolipetsk Steel’s Stoilensky GOK, which that same year produced an estimated 19.56 million metric tons of iron ore.

In response to serious economic sanctions on the country over its aggressive war against Ukraine, Russia’s iron ore exports fell dramatically in 2022 to 84.2 million metric tons from 96 million metric tons in the previous year. Together, these two countries previously accounted for 36 percent of global iron or non-alloy steel exports. The European Union has restricted imports of Russian iron ore.

Last year, imports of iron ore from Russia to the EU seemingly fell off a cliff, dropping from 332,300 tons to 9,360 tons.

6. Iran

Usable iron ore: 90 million metric tons
Iron content: 59 million metric tons

Iran surpassed 90 million metric tons in iron production in the form of usable iron ore in 2024. The country’s iron output has been on the rise in recent years — now in sixth place, it was the eighth highest iron producer in 2022 and the 10th in 2021.

One of Iran’s most important iron ore mines is Gol-e-Gohar in Kerman province, which is also the country’s top producer. During the March 2024 to January 2025 period, the country’s major mining companies’ combined iron pellet production reportedly increased by 7 percent year-over-year.

The country’s iron mines are supplying its steel industry, which produced 31 million MT of steel in 2024. In its 20 year roadmap released in 2005, the Iranian government set an annual steel production target of 55 million MT by 2025. To better meet the requirements of domestic steel producers, Iran began levying a 25 percent duty on iron ore exports in September 2019. The exact rate has changed multiple times since, and in February 2024 the country cut duties on these products significantly.

7. South Africa

Usable iron ore: 66 million metric tons
Iron content: 42 million metric tons

South Africa’s iron production was 66 million metric tons of usable iron ore in 2024. The country’s output has declined significantly in the past few years, down from 73.1 million MT three years earlier. South Africa’s mining industry is grappling with transport and logistics issues, most notably due to railway maintenance challenges.

Kumba Iron Ore is Africa’s largest iron ore producer. The company has three main iron ore production assets in the country, including its flagship mine, Sishen, which accounts for a large majority of Kumba’s total iron ore output. Anglo American (LSE:AAL,OTC Pink:AAUKF) owns a 69.7 percent share of the company.

8. Canada

Usable iron ore: 54 million metric tons
Iron content: 32 million metric tons

Canada’s iron production totaled 54 million metric tons of usable iron ore in 2024. In June of that year, the Canadian government updated the nation’s Critical Minerals List ‘to include high-purity iron, citing the necessity of that mineral’s role in decarbonization throughout the steel supply chain,’ according to the USGS.

Champion Iron (TSX:CIA) is one company producing iron ore in Canada. It owns and operates the Bloom Lake complex in Québec. Champion Iron ships iron concentrate from the Bloom Lake open pit by rail, initially on the Bloom Lake Railway, to a ship loading port in Sept-Îles, Québec. A Phase 2 expansion, which entered commercial production in December 2022, increased annual capacity from 7.4 million metric tons to 15 million metric tons of 66.2 percent iron ore concentrate.

As of 2025, Champion is investing in upgrading half of its Bloom Lake mine capacity to a direct reduction quality pellet feed iron ore with up to 69 percent iron.

9. Ukraine

Usable iron ore: 42 million metric tons
Iron content: 26 million metric tons

Ukraine’s iron production for 2024 was 42 million metric tons of usable iron ore. The metal represents a key segment of the country’s economy. Metinvest and ArcelorMittal (NYSE:MT) are the leading producers of iron ore in the nation.

Despite the ongoing war, Ukraine’s iron ore mining industry has proved as resilient as the people, even though there have been temporary shutdowns. However, 2025 looks to be turning into a particularly hard year. In the January through April period, iron ore exports decreased by 20.9 percent in value terms and by 10.2 percent in physical volumes year-over-year. GMK Center predicted in May that by the end of this year, ‘Ukraine’s iron ore exports will decline by about 20% y/y to 27 million tons from 33.6 million tons in 2024.’

10. Kazakhstan

Usable iron ore: 30 million metric tons
Iron content: 9.2 million metric tons

Kazakhstan’s iron production came in at 30 million metric tons of usable iron ore in 2024.

Kazakhstan has several iron ore mines in operation, with four of the top five owned by Eurasian Resources Group. The largest of these iron ore mines is the Sokolovsky surface and underground mine located in Kostanay. In 2023, it produced an estimated 7.52 million tonnes per annum of iron ore.

The Sokolov-Sarybai Mining Production Association (SMPA) in Northern Kazakhstan was the main supplier of iron ore to Russia’s Magnitogorsk Iron and Steelworks prior to the country’s invasion of Ukraine. Since then, the SMPA has halted iron ore shipments to Magnitogorsk.

Focused on unlocking West Africa’s untapped mineral potential, Kobo Resources (TSXV:KRI) is advancing its flagship Kossou Gold Project in Côte d’Ivoire. Strategically located next to Perseus Mining’s (TSX:PRU) producing Yaouré Gold Mine, Kossou benefits from access to infrastructure, skilled local labor, and strong logistical advantages.

Kobo’s value proposition rests on a seasoned leadership team and backing from strategic partner Luso Global Mining, part of engineering giant Mota-Engil. Beyond capital, this partnership provides access to world-class mining expertise. With a phased exploration strategy, Kobo is advancing near-term catalysts—including updated technical reports, metallurgical studies, and a 2025 drill campaign aimed at delivering a maiden resource in 2026.

The Kossou Gold Project (KGP) is Kobo Resources’ flagship asset in Côte d’Ivoire, located 40 km from Yamoussoukro and adjacent to Perseus Mining’s producing Yaouré Gold Mine. Covering 110 sq. km within the prolific Birimian greenstone belt, Kossou benefits from excellent infrastructure, logistical advantages, and strong exploration potential in one of West Africa’s fastest-growing mining jurisdictions.

Company Highlights

• Mining-friendly and Underexplored Location – Côte d’Ivoire’s gold production has grown significantly but still trails neighboring countries.
• Prime Location with Infrastructure Advantage – The Kossou Gold Project (KGP) is 40 km from Yamoussoukro and 9.5 km from a major operating gold mine.
• Proven Gold Discoveries with Strike Continuity – 24,471 m drilled at KGP with multiple mineralized zones that remain open along strike and depth.
• Promising Secondary Project – Kotobi gold project offers early-stage exploration upside in a highly prospective greenstone belt.
• Aggressive Growth and Near-term Milestones – +/- 20,000 m 2025 drill program targeting priority zones and advancing toward a potential MRE in 2026 with a strong project pipeline.
• Strong Team and Strategic Backing – Decades of exploration success combined with a strategic partnership with Luso Global Mining (Mota-Engil).

This Kobo Resources profile is part of a paid investor education campaign.*

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Graphite prices hit multi-year lows

Caught in the cross hairs of tariff troubles between US and China, graphite prices fell to their lowest levels since 2018, according to Fastmarkets.

In January, The US Department of Commerce officially launched anti-dumping (AD) and countervailing duty (CVD) investigations into imports of active anode material from China, following petitions filed by the American Active Anode Material Producers (AAMP) in mid-December 2024.

These probes stem from concerns that Chinese producers are unfairly undercutting domestic manufacturers through subsidized or dumped pricing.

“The new antidumping and countervailing duty investigation on active anode imports from China demonstrates that the anode production is the most challenging part of the battery supply chain for the US to compete with China,” wrote Fastmarkets Georgi Georgiev in a February report.

He added: “The existing 25 percent tariff has had limited impact on anode imports from China, demonstrating that currently Chinese anode makers remain the cornerstone of global anode supply chains.”

In May, the Department of Commerce issued an affirmative preliminary finding in its countervailing duty probe, identifying subsidy rates as high as 721 percent for some producers, while others faced rates near 6.55 percent.

In the related anti-dumping investigation, a July 17 preliminary determination confirmed dumping, and a provisional 93.5 percent duty was imposed.

If both Commerce and the US International Trade Commission deliver final affirmative decisions, steep duties could be imposed as soon as fall 2025 and remain in place for at least five years.

Supply and demand woes intensify

Despite natural graphite mined supply growing year over year from 2020’s 966,000 metric tons to 1,600,000 metric tons in 2024, concerns abound about future supply.

“Rare earth elements appear to be sufficiently supplied in 2035 based on the project pipeline. However, supply concentration for rare earths and graphite remains a key vulnerability,” a recent IEA report read.

The energy oversight agency expects graphite demand to double between now and 2040, driven by an uptick in eclectic vehicle demand.

To ensure ample supply is available, the IEA recommends broad growth outside of China up and down the supply chain.

“Diversification is the watchword for energy security, but the critical minerals world has moved in the opposite direction in recent years, particularly in refining and processing. Between 2020 and 2024, growth in refined material production was heavily concentrated among the leading suppliers,” it read.

Refining capacity for critical minerals has become increasingly concentrated, with graphite among the most affected. By 2024, the top three refining nations controlled an average of 86 percent of global output for key energy minerals, up from about 82 percent in 2020.

In graphite’s case, China dominates the sector, accounting for nearly all recent supply growth, a trend mirrored by Indonesia in nickel and China again in cobalt and rare earths.Despite China’s stronghold of the market, the IEA sees that weakening over the next decade.

“There is some diversification emerging in the mining of lithium, graphite and rare earth elements. The share of mined lithium supply from the top three producers is set to fall below 70 percent by 2035, down from over 75 percent in 2024,” the IEA states. “ Graphite and rare earth elements also see some improvement as new mining suppliers emerge over the next decade – Madagascar and Mozambique for graphite and Australia for rare earths.”

While mine supply diversification is a positive first step, growth in refinement and processing capacity is unlikely to see the same ex-China growth trends.

The IEA expects refining capacity for critical minerals to remain heavily concentrated well into the next decade, with graphite among the most tightly controlled.

Although some diversification is emerging for lithium and select minerals, China’s dominance shows little sign of waning. By 2035, the country is projected to supply roughly 80 percent of the world’s battery-grade graphite, alongside similar market shares in rare earths, and more than 60 percent of refined lithium and cobalt.

Tariff battle shakes anode supply chain

To counter China’s control the US is moving aggressively to curb reliance on Chinese graphite anodes, which account for more than 95 percent of global anode output.

Since June 2024, tariffs on Chinese synthetic graphite anodes have risen from zero to 160 percent — including the existing 25 percent Section 301 tariff and additional levies. North American producers have petitioned for duties as high as 920 percent.

Chinese producers initially absorbed much of the cost of early tariffs, but analysts expect they will pass more of the recent increases on to buyers.

US automakers and battery makers are bracing for higher costs, with trade data showing that all US graphite anode imports for the EV sector came from China in 2024.

China has responded with its own 84 percent import tariff on US petroleum coke and needle coke. While China has reduced reliance on US supply, it still sources about 30 percent of each from American producers, meaning higher costs for Chinese synthetic graphite and downstream anode products.

“US electric vehicle and battery producers have battled in recent years to keep US imports of graphite anodes from China tariff-free, but their efforts have proved futile over the past nine months and the trade status of graphite anodes has shifted dramatically,” Amy Bennett, principal consultant of metals and mining at Fastmarkets wrote in a May market report.

Fragility of supply

Global demand for battery-grade graphite is projected to surge by 600 percent over the next decade as the energy transition and electric vehicle (EV) adoption accelerate.

Yet, at today’s depressed prices, developing new supply outside China remains economically unviable — a challenge that’s fueling a looming supply crunch.

The US, which mines no natural graphite, was entirely dependent on imports to meet domestic demand in 2024, according to the US Geological Survey, leaving it and other non-China markets in a vulnerable position.

History offers a cautionary precedent: in 2010, rare earth prices spiked tenfold after China restricted exports.

Should a similar disruption hit lithium, nickel or graphite, prices could surge five to ten times, pushing average global battery pack costs up by 20 to 50 percent, the IEA warns.

Such a jump would erode EV affordability, slow adoption and threaten the pace of the clean energy transition.

Investor Insight

Anteros Metals offers investors exposure to a diversified portfolio of critical and base metal projects in Newfoundland and Labrador, advanced through a proprietary, data-driven exploration approach. By combining high-probability targeting with assets at multiple stages of development, the company reduces exploration risk, accelerates discovery timelines, and positions itself to benefit from the rising demand for metals essential to the global energy transition.

Overview

Anteros Metals (CSE:ANT) is a Canadian junior exploration company focused on discovering and advancing high-value mineral deposits across Newfoundland and Labrador. The company’s 100 percent owned portfolio spans 2,775 hectares and hosts nine commodities, including copper, cobalt, nickel, manganese, zinc, and other metals critical to clean energy technologies and industrial growth. Five of these are designated as critical minerals by the Canadian government, underscoring the strategic importance of Anteros’ asset base.

At the core of Anteros’ strategy is the use of proprietary data science techniques to integrate historical exploration records with modern geoscientific data. This approach enables the company to identify the most prospective targets before committing to extensive fieldwork, reducing costs, shortening timelines and increasing the probability of discovery. The portfolio is deliberately balanced across the exploration cycle – from early-stage prospecting at Hopedale to advanced exploration at Knob Lake – ensuring a continuous pipeline of projects that can move toward development while maintaining investor exposure to new discovery potential.

Anteros’ operations benefit from Newfoundland and Labrador’s long history of mineral production, a supportive regulatory framework and established infrastructure. The company’s focus on high-grade, infrastructure-accessible deposits provides strong economic leverage, while its experienced leadership team, with over a century of combined exploration, mining, and financial expertise, is well equipped to execute on its growth strategy. By combining technological innovation with geological expertise, Anteros Metals is positioned to deliver long-term shareholder value through discovery, development, and strategic partnerships.

Company Highlights

• Four 100 percent owned properties in Newfoundland and Labrador targeting critical and base metals including copper, cobalt, nickel, manganese, zinc and others vital to green technologies.
• Flagship Knob Lake iron-manganese project: advanced exploration stage with historical resource; strategically located near Schefferville, Québec, and adjacent to major iron ore infrastructure.
• Havens Steady VMS project: new 2025 sampling confirms the prospectivity and strike extension potential of the Main Mineralized Zone; road accessible and situated in a proven polymetallic district.
• Strickland project: seven mineralized zones with significant silver-lead-zinc and gold potential; located near the Hope Brook gold deposit.
• Hopedale Project: nickel-copper-cobalt focus, 80 km south of Voisey’s Bay, with untested EM conductors and unexplained geochemical anomalies.
• Portfolio spans early to advanced exploration stages, ensuring a steady pipeline of project advancement and diversified commodity exposure.
• Leadership team with over a century of combined experience in exploration, mining and financial markets.

Key Projects

Knob Lake

Located within the Western Labrador Trough, just 2.5 km south of Schefferville, Québec, Knob Lake is Anteros’ flagship advanced exploration project. This superior-type iron deposit is hosted in the Sokoman Formation, a geological unit well known for high-grade direct shipping ore (DSO) potential, often exceeding 60 percent iron.

Historical work includes 2,746 metres of diamond drilling, which delineated a resource estimate of 5.08 million tonnes grading 54.7 percent iron (measured and indicated) and 643,800 tonnes grading 51.5 percent iron (inferred)1. Although this estimate is historical in nature, it underscores the scale and quality of the deposit, which remains open along strike and at depth.

The property’s proximity to Tata Steel’s Timmins mine and other past-producing operations, along with direct rail, road and port access, gives it excellent development potential. Recent digital modelling and geophysical surveys have further refined high-grade targets, paving the way for future resource expansion and economic evaluation.

^{_{¹This historical mineral resource estimate is from a Technical Report entitled Technical Report: Schefferville Area Phase I DSO Iron Projects Resource Update, Western Labrador – NE Québec, Canada by Maxime Dupéré dated June 27, 2014 and is filed on SEDAR (www.sedar.com). The Technical Report was prepared in accordance with National Instrument 43-101 – Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (NI 43-101), NI 43-101F1, and with CIM standards and Mineral Resource best practices. The independent QP believed project data was suitable for mineral resource estimation at that time. The stated resource uses an iron cut-off grade of 50%, and grades were not capped. An independent Qualified Person will be required to compile and validate historic Property data, model the data, and estimate the mineral resource to obtain a current mineral resource. It is envisaged that this will involve open pit optimization. A qualified person has not done sufficient work to classify the historical estimate as a current mineral resource. Anteros Metals Incorporated is not treating the historical estimate as a current mineral resource.}}

Haven Steady

Situated 40 kilometres southeast of Buchans in the Central Newfoundland Gold Belt, Havens Steady is within a proven volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) district renowned for its polymetallic potential. The property is road accessible and has been the focus of 8,048 metres of historical drilling, which identified long intersections of continuous mineralization, including 97.7 metres grading 9.2 g/t silver, 0.33 percent lead, 1.57 percent zinc, and 0.04 percent copper and 68 metres grading 11.8 g/t silver, 0.55 percent lead, 1.45 percent zinc, and 0.09 percent copper.

In 2025, Anteros’ exploration program significantly advanced the project with a series of high-impact discoveries. Boulder prospecting of a historic copper-in-soil approximately located approximately 200 metres along strike from the modelled deposit returned assays as high as 0.22 g/t gold, 21.3 g/t silver, and 2.17 percent copper while sampled outcrops in the main zone returned assays as high as 1.56 percent Pb, 9.60 percent Zn, 0.15 percent Cu, 45 g/t Ag, and 0.37 g/t Au.

Channel sampling of broad mineralized surface outcrop commenced in July. Collectively, these results confirm the grade and expansion potential of the deposit and highlight Havens Steady as a prime candidate for follow-up drilling aimed at defining a large, high-grade VMS system.

Strickland

Strickland lies in the Central Newfoundland Gold Belt, a region with prolific epithermal gold and VMS deposits. The property features seven mineralized zones with a combined strike length exceeding 2 km. The mineralization is hosted within submarine felsic volcanic units, providing predictable horizons for efficient exploration.

Historical drilling of 7,857 meters has delineated zones with significant grades, including a historical mineral inventory of 260,000 tons at 195 g/t silver and 5.25 percent lead-zinc in the Main Zone². Historical assays from quartz veins report gold grades up to 17.9 g/t gold, emphasizing the property’s epithermal gold potential.

Proximity to the mining infrastructure of the Hope Brook gold deposit bodes well for potential synergies of Strickland. Proposed exploration activities include advanced geophysical surveys, trenching and targeted drilling to define and expand the resource base.

_{²The resource inventories described are considered ‘historical’ in nature as defined by National Instrument 43-101, and do not conform to CIM Resource Classification Definitions. The historical estimate was reported by D.R. Prince in a 1981 Falconbridge Nickel Mines Ltd. report entitled “Summary of Work Performed from 1977 to 1980 on the Strickland-Porter Fee Simple Property, Newfoundland”. A qualified person has not done sufficient work to classify the historical estimates of the Strickland Deposit as current mineral resources. As a result, Anteros Metals Incorporated is not treating these historical estimates as current mineral resource estimates, but believes that these historic results provide an indication of the potential of the property and are relevant from a continuing exploration perspective.}

Hopedale

In Labrador, the Hopedale property spans 20 sq km and is located 80 km south of the world-class Voisey’s Bay mine. The project targets magmatic nickel-copper-cobalt mineralization along the Churchill-Nain Suture Zone, a structure known for hosting globally significant deposits.

The property is underlain by troctolitic rocks intruded by northeast-trending gabbro dykes, a geological setting highly favourable for disseminated nickel-copper-cobalt sulphide mineralization. Historical stream sediment sampling revealed anomalous nickel, copper and cobalt values in proximity to untested electromagnetic conductors, suggesting strong potential for new discoveries. As a greenfield project, Hopedale represents a high-potential critical minerals opportunity, with upcoming exploration focusing on high-resolution geophysics to identify priority drill targets.

Leadership Team

Trumbull Fisher – CEO

A seasoned professional with 17 years of experience in mining and capital markets, Trumbull Fisher has successfully led multiple resource companies and brings a wealth of expertise in project generation and financing. Fisher has grown both private and public resource companies in roles as chairman, president, board member and advisor. Fisher holds a BA from Carlton University.

Alan Rootenberg – CFO

With over 35 years in corporate finance, Alan Rootenberg’s extensive knowledge ensures Anteros maintains its strong financial foundation. Rootenberg holds a CPA, CA designation and has extensive experience in mineral and oil and gas exploration, serving as chief executive officer, chief financial officer and director to publicly listed companies.

Wesley Keats – Strategic Advisor

Wesley Keats has 22 years of experience in the metals industry, having worked privately and for major and junior mining companies across seven countries. A fourth-generation prospector in Newfoundland, he is a partner of Planet X and VP of Exploration at Anteros. Keats is a co-recipient of the PDAC Bill Dennis Award for significant prospecting success.

Bill Kennedy – Director

Bill Kennedy is a second-generation prospector with 12 years of experience in exploration-centric business operations and development in Newfoundland and Labrador, and has over 20 years of experience in information technologies. Blending his passion for tech and mining, Kennedy continues to pioneer data science systems for mineral target vectorization.

Chris Morrison – Director

Chris Morrison has experience in the operation of multiple corporations, mining sector marketing and communications, and capital markets. Morrison is the marketing manager for Planet X Exploration and multiple public client companies, and the principal of SJ AV Studio – a digital multimedia audio/visual production facility focused on mining sector press and marketing material curation and distribution.

Emily Halle – Director

Emily Halle is co-founder, geologist, and managing director at Halle Geological Services. She holds degrees in commerce and geology, is a certified PMP, and has over 20 years of mineral exploration experience. She serves on the board of the Mining Association of Nova Scotia and is a Fellow of the Society of Economic Geologists.